Emergency Medicine

Treatment Options For Hyperkalaemia

If hyperkalaemia is indeed real and not caused by haemolysis or a bad sample, treatment can be appropriate. It’s urgent if there are ECG changes.

  • Calcium gluconate
    • Stops membrane depolarisation
    • Does not reduce the serum potassium level
  • Sodium bicarbonate IV
    • To treat metabolic acidosis, which can be a potential underlying cause
      • Potassium moves out of cells because it exchanges with hydrogen ions
  • Insulin and glucose IV
    • Use short-acting insulin
    • To promote uptake of potassium into cells
    • Effective in kidney failure
  • Polystyrene resin orally
    • Removes potassium from bowel lumen by exchanging it for sodium or calcium
    • Comes in sodium or calcium varieties, called Resonium
      • Sodium type adds to sodium load in body
      • Calcium type avoids this but is unsuitable in hypercalcaemia
  • Dialysis
    • Last resort if extreme hyperkalaemia and nothing else works

Of course, the underlying cause should be treated; if it’s hypoaldosteronism, such as from adrenal insufficiency, corticosteroids should be given. If it’s volume depletion, that should be corrected. If the hyperkalaemia is caused by a medication, that medication should be ceased.

References

  1. Electrolyte abnormalities. In: eTG complete [Internet]. Melbourne: Therapeutic Guidelines Limited (eTG November 2017 edition); 2017 Nov.
  2. acutecaretesting.org. (2013). On the relationship between potassium and acid-base balance. [online] Available at: https://acutecaretesting.org/en/journal-scans/on-the-relationship-between-potassium-and-acid-base-balance [Accessed 17 Feb. 2018].
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Contraindications To Lumbar Puncture

A lumbar puncture is a procedure that involving drawing out cerebrospinal fluid, fondly known as CSF. For example, it can be used to check CSF for immune cells and glucose levels in suspected meningitis.

Lumbar puncture is considered an invasive procedure. But even with that aside, it’s not appropriate for everyone. That is, it does not suit all patients.

Contraindications to lumbar puncture are:

  • Skin infection at the lumbar puncture site
  • Uncorrected coagulopathy
  • Increased intracranial pressure
  • Trauma to the spinal cord

References

  1. Queen’s University School of Medicine. (n.d.). Contraindications. [online] Available at: https://meds.queensu.ca/central/assets/modules/lumbar_puncture/contraindications.html [Accessed 2 Feb. 2018].

American Compact Disc

Colles and Smith fractures are both fractures of the distal radius.

Colles fracture

  • Dorsal angulation of the fractured fragment
  • Memory aid: CD

Smith fracture

  • Volar angulation of the fractured fragment
    • Volar means palmar
  • Memory aid: VS almost looks like US, which is quite American

And that’s how an American CD is made.

References

  1. Luijkx, T. and Desai, P. (2018). Colles fracture. [online] Radiopaedia. Available at: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/colles-fracture [Accessed 15 Jan. 2018].
  2. Luijkx, T. and Gaillard, F. (2018). Smith fracture. [online] Radiopaedia. Available at: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/smith-fracture [Accessed 15 Jan. 2018].

Heart Failure Treatment Acronyms

Medications don’t cure people. Acronyms do.

Well, maybe medications do a little bit.

Maybe.

Anyway, here’s how to remember how to treat acute heart failure in an examination setting.

LMNOP

  • Lasix
  • Morphine
  • Nitrates
  • Oxygen
  • Position

POND

  • Position and positive pressure ventilation
  • Oxygen
  • Nitrates
  • Diuretics

References

  1. SOCMOB Blog. (2017). Evidence Based Management of Acute Heart Failure: Forget LMNOP, think POND! – SOCMOB Blog. [online] Available at: http://socmob.org/2013/04/evidence-based-management-of-acute-heart-failure-forget-lmnop-think-pond/ [Accessed 24 Dec. 2017].
  2. Time of Care. (2017). LMNOP – For Congestion in Acute Decompensated Hear Failure. [online] Available at: https://www.timeofcare.com/lmnop-for-congestion-in-acute-decompensated-hear-failure/ [Accessed 24 Dec. 2017].

Paradoxical Salad Dressing

Paradoxical salad dressing is terrible.

http://vignette1.wikia.nocookie.net/simpsons/images/b/bc/Paul_Newman_character.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20130713133042

What is it? Well, it occurs when you pour too much salad dressing on your salad.

https://i1.wp.com/www.eatmedaily.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/simpsons-food-faces.jpg

Why is that bad?

Because then your salad becomes worse than it initially was without the salad dressing.

And then you don’t win friends with your salad, because your salad tastes bad.

https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/52/28/b2/5228b239194031fe46a0d4206018a442.jpg

Calamity.

This is tragic, because salad dressing is designed to make salad better. Paradoxically, it’s made it worse.

Paradoxical undressing, on the other hand, is also an undesirable occurrence.

Is it when you take your clothes off and that ironically repulses people from wanting to sleep with you?

No, it’s not.

Rather, it’s a phenomenon that occurs in the final stages of hypothermia.

Hypothermia

Hypothermia is when body temperature becomes abnormally low. <35°C is a good guide.

This can be precipitated by events such as swimming in icy water or being exposed to harsh weather conditions.

Paradoxical undressing

You would expect a hypothermic person to feel extremely cold. You would expect, then, a desire to put more clothes on.

Paradoxically, in very severe hypothermia, this is not the case. As a stark precursor to death, victims in the final stages of hypothermia are seized by the urge to remove clothing.

A postulated mechanism is as follows:

  1. Person is exposed to cold environment
  2. Cutaneous and subcutaneous thermoreceptors detect cold, inducing peripheral vasoconstriction to conserve heat
  3. Peripheral vasoconstriction occurs
  4. This compensation is insufficient to maintain core body temperature
  5. Person develops hypothermia
  6. Vasoconstriction can no longer be maintained
    1. Possibility: hypothalamic function is impaired, so it cannot control vasoconstriction normally
    2. Possibility: vasoconstriction is an active, energy-consuming process from smooth muscle contraction, whereas vasodilation is passive from smooth muscle relaxation
  7. Peripheral vasodilation occurs
  8. Person feels hot and tries to take off clothes
  9. More heat loss, so body temperature is lowered even further
  10. Person dies

References

  1. Wedin, B., Vanggaard, L., & Hirvonen, J. (1979). “Paradoxical undressing” in fatal hypothermia. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 24(3), 543-553. doi:10.1520/JFS10867J
  2. BMJ Best Practice. Hypothermia. Retrieved from http://bestpractice.bmj.com/
  3. Wilderness Medicine Newsletter. (2007, February 7). Hypothermia & Paradoxical Undressing. Retrieved from https://wildernessmedicinenewsletter.wordpress.com/
  4. Auerbach, P. S. (2011). Wilderness medicine (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Mosby.